Equity investments

Basics and Structure: Stock Market Terminology

An investor’s first steps involve key definitions. Without understanding basic terms, it is impossible to form a strategy, assess risks, or evaluate the prospects of a specific instrument. The basics include the following fundamental concepts:

Securities – a general definition of assets traded on the exchange. They are divided into equity (e.g., stocks) and debt (e.g., bonds).

Stocks – represent ownership in a company, entitling the holder to a share of profits and participation in management.

Bonds – represent a debt obligation where a company or government commits to pay the principal and interest.

Investor – an individual or entity purchasing assets with the aim of making a profit.

Exchange – an organized platform where securities are bought and sold.

Stock market broker – an intermediary between the investor and the exchange, facilitating transactions and providing market access.

Key Indicators and Trading Mechanics

Investing requires reliance on specific data. Key stock market terms include indicators that affect price, liquidity, and potential profit:

Price – the current market value of a security, changing in real-time.

Income – capital growth from price appreciation plus potential payouts.

Profit – the difference between purchase costs and final revenue from sales or dividends.

Quotes – displaying the asset’s price as a graph or table, automatically updating.

Ticker – the alphabetical symbol for an asset on the exchange. For example, AAPL for Apple.

Lot – the minimum quantity of securities that can be bought in a single transaction. Often 1 lot = 10 or 100 shares.

Payouts and Bonuses to Investors

Long-term investors rely not only on asset value growth but also on regular payouts. Here, stock market instruments characterized by terms come to the forefront:

Stock dividends – a portion of a company’s profit distributed among shareholders. Usually paid quarterly or annually.

Bond coupons – a fixed payment set at the bond’s issuance. Accrued regularly (quarterly, semi-annually, or annually).

These parameters influence overall yield and are used in comparing different securities.

Instruments and Asset Categories: Variety of Forms and Their Features

The stock market offers dozens of categories of securities, each serving its purpose. Among the most commonly used instruments are:

Federal Loan Bonds – government securities with guaranteed payment and low risk.

Portfolio – the collection of all securities owned by an investor. An optimal portfolio contains assets of different types.

Company – the issuer of stocks. Represents business interests and determines payout policies.

Government – issues debt securities and regulates financial policy through central institutions.

Understanding Risks: Key to Controlling Yield

Investing always carries the possibility of losses. Different asset categories entail varying levels of risk, directly impacting potential yield. Stock market terms go beyond technical concepts – they help identify and classify risks in practice.

Types of risks:

Market. Associated with price fluctuations due to macroeconomic factors. For example, an increase in the key rate reduces the attractiveness of stocks as the yield of alternative instruments like bonds rises.
Currency. Relevant when purchasing foreign assets. Strengthening of the national currency reduces the ruble value of assets in another currency. Terminology includes hedging concepts – strategies to protect against currency devaluation or revaluation.
Issuer. Reflects the likelihood of a company or state defaulting. Particularly important for bondholders. Reliability ratings (AAA, BBB, etc.) are part of investment analysis, indicating the issuer’s level of obligations and financial stability.
Political and regulatory. Changes in government policy lead to market shifts. Sanctions, capital movement restrictions, tax reforms – all instantly affect stock prices. Examples: asset nationalization, dividend withdrawal bans, incentive cancellations.

Taxes: Essential Element of Calculation

Any exchange income is subject to taxation, and ignoring it leads to incorrect yield planning. In most jurisdictions, there is an income tax (NDFL) withheld automatically by the broker.

Taxation:

Stock dividends are taxed separately from capital gains. Issuing companies withhold tax at the source, and the investor receives the “net” amount. For example, with foreign securities, brokers withhold additional tax according to international agreements.
Bond coupons are taxed at the same rates as other income. Federal Loan Bonds are exempt from NDFL – making them attractive to savvy investors.

Information Sources and Analytics

Market work requires constant monitoring. Stock market terms hold no value without context – their relevance is determined by news agendas, company reports, and macroeconomic dynamics.

Key stock market terms in analytics:

Fundamental analysis – examines company reports, profitability, debt load, and industry prospects.
Technical analysis – relies on charts, indicators, and price behavior patterns.
Event calendar – records important reports, central bank meetings, inflation data releases, and GDP figures.

Applying these approaches forms the basis for decision-making and helps minimize emotional errors.

Using Stock Market Terms in Investment Practice

Mastering the theoretical foundation provides access to effective asset management. However, real results come from practical application of knowledge. For example, understanding the term “lot” allows for correct purchase calculations, “ticker” helps instantly find the desired asset, “coupon” aids in assessing actual bond yield. An investor familiar with stock market terms does not blindly follow advice but makes decisions based on objective data. This defines the strategy’s resilience and adaptability to changing market conditions.

Conclusion

Stock market terms form the framework of an investor’s thinking. Without understanding them, it is impossible to analyze assets effectively, evaluate risks, or build a balanced portfolio. These are not just words – they are a working tool that makes investments manageable, predictable, and efficient. Proficiency in terminology enables action, not guesswork. It allows for strategy building, not reactive responses to news. Analyzing numbers, not following noise. This is what distinguishes an experienced market participant from a novice and shapes true investment competence.

Stock market terms that everyone interested in investing in stocks should know